August 23

August 23 is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 130 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 79 – Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
• 1305 – William Wallace, Scottish patriot, is executed for high treason by Edward I of England.
• 1328 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
• 1514 – Battle of Chaldiran ended with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, Safavids founder.
• 1541 – French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.
• 1555 – Calvinists are granted rights in the Netherlands.
• 1572 – Mob violence against Huguenots in Paris – St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
• 1595 – Michael the Brave confronts the Ottoman army in the Battle of Calugareni.
• 1708 – Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
• 1775 – King George III declares that the American colonies exist in a state of open and avowed rebellion.
• 1784 – Western North Carolina (now eastern Tennessee) declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; it wasn’t accepted into the United States, and only lasted for four years.
• 1793 – French Revolution: a levée en masse is decreed by the National Convention.
• 1799 – Napoleon leaves Egypt for France en route to seize power.
• 1813 – At the Battle of Grossbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.
• 1839 – The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for war with Qing China. The ensuing 3-year conflict will later be known as the First Opium War.
• 1858 – The Round Oak rail accident occurs in Brierley Hill in the Black Country, England. It is 'Arguably the worst disaster ever to occur on British railways'.
• 1864 – The Union Navy captures Fort Morgan, Alabama, thus breaking Confederate dominance of all ports on the Gulf of Mexico.
• 1866 – Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.
• 1873 – Albert Bridge in Chelsea, London opened.
• 1896 – First Cry of the Philippine Revolution is made in Pugad Lawin (Quezon City), in the province of Manila.
• 1904 – The automobile tire chain is patented.
• 1914 – World War I: Japan declares war on Germany and bombs Qingdao, China.
• 1914 – World War I: the Battle of Mons; the British Army begins withdrawal.
• 1921 – British airship R-38 experiences structural failure over Hull in England and crashes in the Humber estuary. Of her 49 British and American training crew, only 4 survive.
• 1923 – Capt. Lowell Smith and Lt. John P. Richter performed the first mid-air refueling on De Havilland DH-4B, setting an endurance flight record of 37 hours.
• 1927 – Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.
• 1929 – Hebron Massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attack on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, continuing until the next day, resulted in the death of 65-68 Jews and the remaining Jews being forced to leave the city.
• 1938 – English cricketer Len Hutton sets a world record for the highest individual Test innings of 364, during a Test match against Australia.
• 1939 – World War II: Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression treaty, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In a secret addition to the pact, the Baltic states, Finland, Romania, and Poland are divided between the two nations.
• 1942 – World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.
• 1943 – World War II: Kharkov liberated.
• 1944 – World War II: Marseille liberated.
• 1944 – World War II King Michael of Romania dismisses the pro-Nazi government of General Antonescu, who is arrested. Romania switches sides from the Axis to the Allies.
• 1944 – Freckleton Air Disaster – A United States Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into a school in Freckleton, England killing 61 people.
• 1946 – Ordinance No. 46 of the British Military Government constitutes the German Land (state) of Schleswig-Holstein.
• 1948 – World Council of Churches is formed.
• 1954 – First flight of the C-130 Hercules transport aircraft.
• 1958 – Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.
• 1966 – Lunar Orbiter 1 takes the first photograph of Earth from orbit around the Moon.
• 1975 – Successful Communist coup in Laos.
• 1977 – The Gossamer Condor wins the Kremer prize for human powered flight.
• 1979 – Soviet dancer Alexander Godunov defects to the United States.
• 1982 – Bachir Gemayel is elected Lebanese President amidst the raging civil war.
• 1985 – Hans Tiedge, top counter-spy of West Germany, defects to East Germany.
• 1989 – Hungary: the last communist government opens the Iron curtain and causes the exodus of thousands of Eastern Germans to West Germany via Hungary (September 11).
• 1989 – Singing Revolution: two million people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stand on the Vilnius-Tallinn road, holding hands (Baltic Way).
• 1989 – 1,645 Australian domestic airline pilots resign after the airlines threaten to fire them and sue them over a dispute.
• 1990 – Saddam Hussein appears on Iraqi state television with a number of Western "guests" (actually hostages) to try to prevent the Gulf War.
• 1990 – Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
• 1990 – West Germany and East Germany announce that they will unite on October 3.
• 1994 – Eugene Bullard, The only black pilot in World War I, is posthumously commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force.
• 1996 – Osama bin Laden issues message entitled 'A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places.'
• 2000 – Gulf Air Flight 072 crashes into the Persian Gulf near Manama, Bahrain, killing 143.
• 2006 – Natascha Kampusch, who is abducted at the age of 10, managed to escape from her captor Wolfgang Priklopil, after 8 years of captivity.
• 2010 – Manila hostage crisis, which occured at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila, where a dismissed police officer took hostage a tour bus full of Chinese nationals.

Births

• 1486 – Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian diplomat and historian (d. 1566)
• 1524 – François Hotman, French lawyer and writer (d. 1590)
• 1623 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish Socinian theologist (d. 1675)
• 1724 – Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796)
• 1741 – Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, French explorer (d. 1788)
• 1754 – King Louis XVI of France (d. 1793)
• 1757 – Marie Magdalene Charlotte Ackermann, German actress (d. 1775)
• 1769 – Georges Cuvier, French biologist and statesman (d. 1832)
• 1783 – William Tierney Clark, English civil engineer (d. 1852)
• 1785 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (d. 1819)
• 1805 – Anton von Schmerling, Austrian statesman (d. 1893)
• 1814 – James Roosevelt Bayley, American religious leader (d. 1877)
• 1829 – Moritz Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1920)
• 1836 – Marie Henriette of Austria, Queen of the Belgians (d. 1902)
• 1843 – William Southam, Canadian newspaper publisher (d. 1932)
• 1846 – Alexander Milne Calder, American sculptor (d. 1923)
• 1847 – Sarah Frances Whiting, American physicist and astronomer (d. 1927)
• 1849 – William Ernest Henley, British poet, critic, and editor (d. 1903)
• 1852 – Arnold Toynbee, English economist and social reformer (d. 1883)
• 1852 – Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia. (d. 1913)
• 1854 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)
• 1864 – Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)
• 1868 – Edgar Lee Masters, American author (d. 1950)
• 1875 – William Eccles, English radio pioneer (d. 1966)
• 1875 – Eugene Lanceray, Russian artist (d. 1946)
• 1880 – Alexander Grin, Russian writer (d. 1932)
• 1883 – Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, American general (d. 1953)
• 1884 – Will Cuppy, American humorist (d. 1949)
• 1884 – Ogden L. Mills, American Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1937)
• 1900 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-born composer (d. 1991)
• 1900 – Malvina Reynolds, American folk singer/songwriter (d. 1978)
• 1901 – Guy Bush, Major League Baseball pitcher (d. 1985)
• 1901 – John Sherman Cooper, American politician (d. 1991)
• 1903 – William Primrose, Scottish violist (d. 1982)
• 1905 – Constant Lambert, British composer (d. 1951)
• 1908 – Hannah Frank, Scottish artist (d. 2008)
• 1909 – Syd Buller, English cricketer (d. 1970)
• 1910 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer (d. 1979)
• 1910 – Lonny Frey, American baseball player (d. 2009)
• 1911 – Birger Ruud, Norwegian ski-jumper (d. 1998)
• 1912 – Gene Kelly, American dancer and actor (d. 1996)
• 1917 – Tex Williams, American singer (d. 1985)
• 1919 – Vladimir Rokhlin, Soviet mathematician (d. 1984)
• 1921 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner
• 1921 – Sam Cook, England cricketer (d. 1996)
• 1922 – Jean Darling, American child actress
• 1922 – Pierre Gauvreau, French Canadian painter, television writer and producer
• 1922 – George Kell, American baseball player (d. 2009)
• 1923 – Edgar F. Codd, English computer scientist (d. 2003)
• 1924 – Ephraim Kishon, Israeli writer (d. 2005)
• 1924 – Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel laureate
• 1925 – Robert Mulligan, American film director (d. 2008)
• 1926 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist, (d. 2006)
• 1927 – Dick Bruna, Dutch illustrator
• 1927 – Martial Solal, French jazz pianist and composer
• 1928 – Marian Seldes, American actress
• 1929 – Vera Miles, American actress
• 1930 – Michel Rocard, French politician
• 1931 – Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• 1932 – Houari Boumedienne, President of Algeria (d. 1978)
• 1932 – Mark Russell, American comedian and political commentator
• 1933 – Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1933 – Pete Wilson, American politician
• 1934 – Barbara Eden, American actress and singer
• 1934 – Sonny Jurgensen, American football player
• 1936 – Henry Lee Lucas, American serial killer (d. 2001)
• 1943 – Nelson DeMille, American novelist
• 1944 – Antonia Novello, former United States Surgeon General
• 1945 – Rayfield Wright, American football player
• 1946 – Keith Moon, English musician (The Who) (d. 1978)
• 1947 – Willy Russell, British playwright
• 1947 – David Robb, British actor
• 1948 – Andrei Pleşu, Romanian writer, essayist
• 1948 – Daniel Ruettiger, American motivational speaker
• 1949 – Katiana Balanika, Greek actress and singer
• 1949 – Geoff Capes, English strongman
• 1949 – Shelley Long, American actress
• 1949 – Rick Springfield, Australian singer and actor
• 1951 – Akhmad Kadyrov, President of Chechnya (d. 2004)
• 1951 – Allan Bristow, American basketball head coach
• 1951 – Queen Noor of Jordan
• 1951 – Jimi Jamison, American singer (Survivor)
• 1952 – Vicky Leandros, Greek singer and politician
• 1953 – Bobby G, British singer (Bucks Fizz)
• 1954 – Charles Busch, American director, writer, actor and drag queen
• 1956 – Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991)
• 1956 – Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, Norwegian politician
• 1956 – Skipp Sudduth, American actor
• 1957 – Tasos Mitropoulos, Greek footballer and politician
• 1958 – Julio Franco, Dominican baseball player
• 1959 – George Kalovelonis, Greek tennis player
• 1960 – Rodney Alan Greenblat, American graphic artist
• 1960 – Chris Potter, Canadian actor
• 1960 – Gary Hoey, American Guitarist
• 1961 – Dean DeLeo, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots)
• 1961 – Gary Mabbutt, English footballer
• 1962 – Martin Cauchon, Canadian politician
• 1962 – Shaun Ryder, English musician
• 1963 – Hans-Henning Fastrich, German field hockey player
• 1963 – Kenny Wallace, American race car driver
• 1963 – Park Chan-wook, Korean director and screenwriter
• 1963 – Richard Illingworth, England cricketer
• 1964 – Johan Bruyneel, Belgian cyclist
• 1964 – Kong Hee, Singaporean pastor
• 1964 – Yoshikazu Taru, Japanese professional wrestler
• 1964 – Wendy Pepper, American designer
• 1965 – Roger Avary, Canadian screenwriter, director, and producer
• 1966 – Rik Smits, Dutch-American basketball player
• 1967 – Richard Petrie, New Zealand cricketer
• 1968 – Chris DiMarco, American golfer
• 1968 – Laura Claycomb, American operatic soprano
• 1969 – Keith Tyson, English artist
• 1969 – Jeremy Schaap, American sportswriter
• 1969 – Geneviève Brouillette, Quebec television and film actress
• 1970 – Lawrence Frank, American basketball coach
• 1970 – "KK" Krishnakumar Kunnath, Indian Singer
• 1970 – Brad Mehldau, American pianist
• 1970 – Jay Mohr, American actor and comedian
• 1970 – River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
• 1971 – Demetrio Albertini, Italian footballer
• 1971 – BoneCrusher, American rapper
• 1972 – Martin Grainger, English footballer
• 1972 – Raul Casanova, Puerto Rican baseball player
• 1972 – Mark Butcher, England cricketer
• 1973 – Casey Blake, American baseball player
• 1973 – Kerry Walmsley, New Zealand cricketer
• 1973 – Malaika Arora Khan, Indian actress and model
• 1974 – Ray Park, Scottish actor
• 1974 – Seth Binzer, aka Shifty Shellshock, American musician (Crazy Town)
• 1974 – Benjamin Limo, Kenyan runner
• 1974 – Christian Beranek, American graphic novelist and actor
• 1975 – Eliza Carthy, English singer and fiddler
• 1975 – Sean Marks, New Zealander-born basketball player
• 1976 – Scott Caan, American actor
• 1976 – Pat Garrity, American basketball player
• 1977 – Douglas Sequeira, Costa Rican footballer
• 1978 – Kobe Bryant, American basketball player
• 1978 – Julian Casablancas, American singer (The Strokes)
• 1979 – Edgar Sosa, Mexican boxer
• 1979 – Ritchie Neville, British musician
• 1980 – Denny Bautista, Dominican baseball player
• 1980 – Rex Grossman, American football player
• 1980 – Diamondog, Angolan Rapper
• 1981 – Stephan Loboué, Ivorian footballer
• 1981 – Carmen Luvana, American pornographic actress.
• 1981 – Carlos Cuéllar, Spanish footballer
• 1982 – Natalie Coughlin, American swimmer
• 1982 – Scott Palguta, American soccer player
• 1982 – YTCracker, American musician and computer hacker
• 1983 – Sun Ming Ming, Chinese basketball player
• 1983 – Tony Moll, American football player
• 1984 – Glen Johnson, English footballer
• 1986 – Neil Cicierega, American cartoonist and musician
• 1987 – Nikki Gil, Filipina actress and host
• 1988 – Jeremy Lin, American basketball player
• 2001 – Zaijian Jaranilla, Filipino actor

Deaths

• 93 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman Governor of Britain (b. 40)
• 634 – Abu Bakr, Arabian caliph (b. 578)
• 1106 – Magnus, Duke of Saxony (b. 1045)
• 1176 – Emperor Rokujo of Japan (b. 1164)
• 1305 – William Wallace, Scottish patriot (b. 1272)
• 1387 – King Olav IV of Norway (b. 1370)
• 1507 – Jean Molinet, French writer (b. 1435)
• 1519 – Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot (b. 1465)
• 1540 – Guillaume Budé, French scholar (b. 1467)
• 1591 – Luis Ponce de León, Spanish poet and mystic (b. 1527)
• 1618 – Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (b. 1585)
• 1628 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1592)
• 1652 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (b. 1600)
• 1706 – Colonel Edward Nott, Esq., British Crown Governor of Virginia (b. 1654)
• 1723 – Increase Mather, New England Puritan minister (b. 1639)
• 1806 – Charles Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist (b. 1736)
• 1813 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (b. 1766)
• 1819 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)
• 1853 – Alexander Calder, first mayor of Beaumont, Texas (b. 1806)
• 1867 – Auguste-Marseille Barthélemy, French poet (b. 1796)
• 1892 – Deodoro da Fonseca, 1^st President of Brazil (b. 1827)
• 1924 – Heinrich Berté, Austrian operetta composer (b. 1856)
• 1926 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
• 1927 – Nicola Sacco, Italian anarchist (b. 1891)
• 1927 – Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist (b. 1888)
• 1937 – Albert Roussel, French composer (b. 1869)
• 1955 – Reginald Tate, British actor (b. 1896)
• 1960 – Oscar Hammerstein II, American lyricist (b. 1895)
• 1962 – Walter Anderson, German folklorist (b. 1885)
• 1962 – Hoot Gibson, American actor (b. 1892)
• 1963 – Glen Gray, American jazz musician and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra (b. 1900)
• 1966 – Francis X. Bushman, American actor (b. 1883)
• 1967 – Georges Berger, Belgian racing driver (b. 1918)
• 1971 – The original Shamu, SeaWorld orca
• 1974 – Roberto Assagioli, Italian psychiatrist (b. 1888)
• 1977 – Naum Gabo, Russian artist (b. 1890)
• 1982 – Stanford Moore, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
• 1987 – Didier Pironi, French racing car driver (b. 1952)
• 1989 – Mohammed Abed Elhai, Sudanese writer and academic (b. 1944)
• 1989 – R. D. Laing, Scottish psychiatrist (b. 1927)
• 1990 – David Rose, American composer and orchestra leader (b. 1910)
• 1995 – Dwayne Goettel, Canadian musician (Skinny Puppy)(b. 1964)
• 1996 – Margaret Tucker Indigenous Australian activist and autobiographer (b. 1904)
• 1997 – John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
• 1999 – Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (b. 1926)
• 1999 – James White, Northern Irish writer (b. 1928)
• 2000 – John Anthony Kaiser, Roman Catholic priest (b. 1932)
• 2001 – Kathleen Freeman, American actress (b. 1919)
• 2001 – Peter Maas, American novelist (b. 1929)
• 2002 – Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball player (b. 1922)
• 2003 – Bobby Bonds, American baseball player and manager (b. 1946)
• 2003 – Jack Dyer, Australian rules footballer (b. 1913)
• 2003 – John Geoghan, American Catholic priest (b. 1935)
• 2005 – Brock Peters, American actor (b. 1927)
• 2005 – Ninjalicious, Canadian author and urban explorer (b. 1973)
• 2006 – Maynard Ferguson, Canadian jazz trumpeter and bandleader (b. 1928)
• 2007 – Robert Symonds, American actor (b. 1926)
• 2008 – John Russell, British-born American art critic and author (b. 1919)
• 2010 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese director of anime films (b. 1963)

Holidays and observances

• Black Ribbon Day
• Christian Feast Day
  • Philip Benitius
  • Rose of Lima
  • Éogan of Ardstraw
• European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism (European Union)
• Flag Day (Ukraine)
• International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition (International)
• Umhlanga Day (Swaziland)
• Vulcanalia (Roman Empire)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada